過去卅年有關資訊科技之進步對社會的影響遠較人類歷史上的任何其他時期的發展,電腦為資訊科技的基本單元,第一具可用的商用電腦早在1950年問世,或大概只在35年前。今天已成為美國農業有關企業人員所不可缺的一部份,一般應用於事業方面如訂貨及開傳票、銷售及清點管制,計算收入情況及收支平衡表,以及稅金的計算,亦應用於較具科技方面如決定營養分,最低成本飼料配方,參數分析,尋求資源以及模擬作業 (simulation)。
4. 豬隻營養的能量值
(1)豬隻飼料能量系統間之相互關係
(a) 以生長豬之試驗為主,DE和ME之關係 (Morgan et al. 1975)
ME (kcal/kg DM) = 0.876 DE (kcal/kg DM) + 217.6 RSD = 170;r =-.97 p<.001
ME/DE比例在高蛋白飼料比穀物為低,穀物為97%而高蛋白飼料為89%,Diggs等人 (1965) 之結果分別為97.7%及86.1%。ME/DE比和蛋白質含量的關係 (Morgan et al. 1972)
(ME/DE)×100 =99.7-(.189×%粗蛋白質)
RSD =1.65 r =-0.94 p<0.001
而Diggs等人 (1965) 之結果亦甚相同
(ME/DE)×100 =101.21-(.19×%粗蛋白質)
因此ME對DE比的主要變異來自於蛋白質的含量,蛋白質代謝後之產物含氮物經由尿排泄,而這些含氮物表示蛋白質並沒有完全氧化,故代表家畜更多能量的損失,此外蛋白質的生物價,家畜的年齡及飼養水準等,故家畜比飼料本身對ME/DE比的變異的影響較大。
(b)豬隻飼料TDN及DE之關係
DE (kcal/kg DM) = (45%TDN) + 156; RSD =328; r=.92; p<.01
ME (kcal/kg DM) =(43%TDN) + 71;RSD=150;r=.98;p≦0.001
Men(kcal/kg DM) =(42%TDN)-27; RSD=94;r=.99;p<0.001
TDN和ME系統較接近,尤其和修正於零氣滯留之Men而和DE的相關性較差。
下表列各種DE和TDN的相關係數,但其比值有相當的出入,而無法找出為大家所能接受之平均值,其實粗蛋白質量影響其值,其值由玉米之4.1 kcal/克TDN至白魚粉之5.8 kcal/g TDN,故表列係數適用於粗蛋白質在15%,而過高出或低於15%不適用於這些係數。
(2)豬隻飼料之能量預估
下表為豬隻飼料TDN及DE之關係,每公斤TDN=K MJ/kg DE
飼料種類 |
K |
資 料 來 源 |
混合飼料 |
16.70 (4.37) |
Maynard 1953 |
〃 |
18.29 |
Schneider 1947 |
〃 |
18.41 |
Swift 1957 |
〃 |
18.83 (4.50) |
Crampton , Lloyd and McKay 1957 |
〃 |
18.67 (4.47) |
Zivkovic and Bowland 1963 |
〃 |
18.49 (4.42) |
Robinson , Prescott and Lewis , 1965 |
〃 |
18.48 (4.41) |
Morgan , 1972 or NRC 1973 |
穀 類 |
17.71 |
Wiseman , 1979 |
混合飼料 |
4.32 |
Kielanowski , 1972 |
豬隻之飼料原料能量之預估
飼料種類 |
方 程 式 |
rsd. |
r2 |
資 料 來 源 |
14種原料3種混合飼料 |
DE(kcal / kg DM)=4323-137 CF (%) |
330 |
0.81 |
Morgan, Cole & Lewis 1975 |
黃豆粉,ground nut meal & beanmeal |
DE(kcal / kg DM)=4228-140 CF (%) |
181 |
0.94 |
〃 |
甜魯賓仔粉 |
DE(kcal / kg DM)=1.510 GE-2579-39.37 NDF (%) |
127 |
0.91 |
King及Taverner 1975 |
DE(kcal / kg DM)=1.177 GE-1085-40.22 NDF (%) |
107 |
0.94 |
〃 |
|
肉骨粉 |
DE(MJ / kg)=-2.97+0.77 GE (MJ / kg)+0.020 EE(g / kg)+0.080 Ca (g / kg)-0.159 P (g / kg) |
0.530 |
0.89 |
飼料原料例如穀物,如其變數及獨立變數之變化性很少時,則預測方程式沒有其實用性,但如變化性較大的原料,如肉骨粉等,就有其應用價值。
(3)預測混合飼料
|
||
|
||
|
表4~7 Wiseman及Coleas一般分析來預估豬混合飼料之DE及ME
(a)以MADF為主之方程式 |
|||||||
DE (MJ/kg) = |
K |
CP |
EE |
MADE |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
16.42 |
+0.025 |
+0.222 |
-0.240 |
-0.077 |
0.45 |
0.71 |
|
16.83 |
--- |
+0.216 |
-0.238 |
-0.051 |
0.45 |
0.69 |
|
16.65 |
--- |
+0.208 |
-0.247 |
--- |
0.45 |
0.69 |
|
ME (MJ/kg) = |
K |
CP |
EE |
MADF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
13.55 |
-0.014 |
+0.247 |
-0.254 |
-0.040 |
0.52 |
0.71 |
|
16.11 |
--- |
+0.251 |
-0.255 |
-0.055 |
0.51 |
0.69 |
|
15.91 |
--- |
+0.242 |
-0.265 |
--- |
0.52 |
0.69 |
|
(b)以CF為主之方程式 |
|||||||
DE (MJ/kg) = |
K |
CP |
EE |
CF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
16.56 |
+0.014 |
+0.230 |
-0.308 |
-0.101 |
0.46 |
0.68 |
|
16.81 |
--- |
+0.227 |
-0.312 |
-0.086 |
0.46 |
0.68 |
|
16.43 |
--- |
+0.213 |
-0.318 |
--- |
0.47 |
0.66 |
|
ME (MJ/kg) = |
K |
CP |
EE |
CF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
16.45 |
-0.026 |
+0.256 |
-0.337 |
-0.065 |
0.53 |
0.69 |
|
16.07 |
--- |
+0.263 |
-0.330 |
-0.093 |
0.53 |
0.68 |
|
15.67 |
--- |
+0.248 |
-0.337 |
--- |
0.54 |
0.67 |
表4~8 豬隻混合飼料以一般分析及總能預估其DE及ME
(a)以粗纖維為主之方程式 |
||||||||
DE (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
CF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
-2.293 |
+1.064 |
+0.035 |
-0.053 |
-0.442 |
-0.191 |
0.33 |
0.85 |
|
0.662 |
+0.986 |
+0.033 |
--- |
-0.442 |
-0.185 |
0.33 |
0.85 |
|
1.839 |
+0.862 |
--- |
--- |
-0.437 |
-0.146 |
0.34 |
0.83 |
|
2.799 |
+0.772 |
--- |
--- |
-0.424 |
0--- |
0.33 |
0.77 |
|
ME (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
CF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
-3.949 |
+1.157 |
+0.004 |
-0.051 |
-0.483 |
-0.163 |
0.39 |
0.83 |
|
-1.091 |
+0.994 |
-0.005 |
--- |
-0.464 |
-0.157 |
0.39 |
0.83 |
|
-1.282 |
+1.000 |
--- |
--- |
-0.464 |
-0.163 |
0.39 |
0.83 |
|
-0.211 |
+0.899 |
--- |
--- |
-0.460 |
--- |
0.43 |
0.79 |
|
(b)以修正酸性洗劑纖維為主之方程式 |
||||||||
DE (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
MADF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
+0.385 |
+0.894 |
+0.046 |
-0.019 |
-0.292 |
-0.150 |
0.34 |
0.83 |
|
+1.423 |
+0.836 |
+0.045 |
--- |
-0.288 |
-0.148 |
0.34 |
0.83 |
|
+3.018 |
+0.787 |
--- |
--- |
-0.282 |
-0.097 |
0.36 |
0.80 |
|
+3.674 |
+0.731 |
--- |
--- |
-0.296 |
--- |
0.38 |
0.78 |
|
ME (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
MADF |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
-0.929 |
+0.964 |
+0.008 |
-0.012 |
-0.310 |
-0.120 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
|
-0.270 |
+0.926 |
+0.008 |
--- |
-0.308 |
-0.118 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
|
-0.001 |
+0.918 |
--- |
--- |
-0.307 |
-0.110 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
|
+0.740 |
+0.854 |
--- |
--- |
-0.323 |
--- |
0.43 |
0.79 |
表4~9 豬隻混合飼料以總能及粗纖維和粗脂肪之曲線相關來預估DE及ME
(a)以粗纖維為主之方程式 |
|||||||||||||
DE (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
(EE)2 |
CF |
(CF)2 |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
|||
+0.747 |
+0.888 |
+0.032 |
+0.134 |
-0.011 |
+0.359 |
-0.092 |
-0.226 |
0.30 |
0.87 |
||||
-0.250 |
+0.877 |
-0.034 |
--- |
--- |
+0.270 |
-0.081 |
-0.081 |
0.31 |
0.86 |
||||
+0.872 |
+0.825 |
--- |
+0.154 |
-0.012 |
+0.373 |
-0.094 |
-0.019 |
0.31 |
0.86 |
||||
+0.960 |
+0.843 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
+0.255 |
-0.080 |
-0.164 |
0.33 |
0.85 |
||||
+2.073 |
+0.759 |
--- |
+0.053 |
-0.004 |
+0.021 |
-0.052 |
--- |
0.38 |
0.79 |
||||
+2.231 |
+0.753 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
+0.003 |
-0.050 |
--- |
0.38 |
0.79 |
||||
ME (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
(EE)2 |
CF |
(CF)2 |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
|||
-2.628 |
+0.984 |
-0.006 |
-0.097 |
-0.008 |
+0.421 |
-0.010 |
-0.020 |
0.36 |
0.86 |
||||
-2.174 |
+0.972 |
-0.005 |
--- |
--- |
+0.359 |
-0.097 |
-0.179 |
0.37 |
0.85 |
||||
-2.921 |
+0.996 |
--- |
-0.093 |
-0.008 |
+0.419 |
-0.104 |
-0.202 |
0.36 |
0.85 |
||||
-2.344 |
+0.976 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
+0.361 |
-0.097 |
-0.185 |
0.37 |
0.85 |
||||
-1.640 |
+0.925 |
--- |
-0.015 |
-0.001 |
+0.044 |
-0.060 |
--- |
0.43 |
0.80 |
||||
-0.811 |
+0.875 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
+0.076 |
-0.063 |
--- |
0.43 |
0.79 |
||||
(b)以修正酸性洗劑纖維為主之方程式 |
|||||||||||||
DE (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
(EE)2 |
CF |
(CF)2 |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
|||
+1.568 |
+0.762 |
+0.041 |
+0.131 |
-0.009 |
+0.094 |
-0.029 |
-0.168 |
0.33 |
0.84 |
||||
+0.957 |
+0.814 |
+0.043 |
--- |
--- |
+0.028 |
-0.024 |
-0.152 |
0.34 |
0.83 |
||||
+3.767 |
+0.661 |
--- |
+0.166 |
-0.010 |
+0.183 |
-0.035 |
-0.125 |
0.35 |
0.82 |
||||
+2.394 |
+0.763 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
+0.088 |
-0.029 |
-0.103 |
0.36 |
0.81 |
||||
+4.478 |
+0.618 |
--- |
+0.103 |
-0.006 |
+0.068 |
-0.028 |
--- |
0.38 |
0.79 |
||||
ME (MJ/kg) = |
K |
GE |
CP |
EE |
(EE)2 |
MADF |
(MADF)2 |
Ash |
rsd |
r2 |
|||
-0.191 |
+0.878 |
+0.005 |
+0.080 |
-0.005 |
-0.049 |
-0.020 |
-0.130 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
||||
-0.591 |
+0.911 |
+0.006 |
--- |
--- |
-0.090 |
-0.017 |
-0.121 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
||||
+0.066 |
+0.866 |
--- |
+0.084 |
-0.006 |
-0.039 |
-0.020 |
-0.125 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
||||
-0.381 |
+0.904 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
-0.081 |
-0.017 |
-0.114 |
0.41 |
0.81 |
||||
+0.781 |
+0.823 |
--- |
+0.020 |
-0.001 |
-0.153 |
-0.013 |
--- |
0.43 |
0.79 |
||||
+0.492 |
+0.843 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
-0.165 |
-0.012 |
--- |
0.48 |
0.79 |
飼料營養雜誌第二冊合訂本
1987年元月號至1987十二月號
飼料營養:1987年第五期(62)
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