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¶À¨§¯»¤w¸g¦b¾i³½¥Î¹}®Æ¨Ò¦póγ½ ( Catfish )¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¥L³\¦h³°¤W®a¯b ( Domestic terrestrial animals ) ¹}®Æ¤è±¼s¨ü±Ä¥Î¡C¶À¨§¯»¤]¤w¸g¸Õ¥Î¨ì³\¦h¾i½¼¹}®Æ¡ABalazas et al.( 1973 ) »P Balazs and Ross ( 1976 ) ¨Ï¥Î¶À¨§¯»¡A¦¨¥\¨ú¥N²H¤ôªøÁu¤j½¼ ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) »ç®Æ¤¤¡A©Ò§t¦³ªº³½¯»»P½¼¯» ( Shrimp meal )¡C¹ï®ü¤ô½¼¤§¤@ªº¥[¦{½¼ ( P. californiensis )¡A¥Î¶À¨§¯»¨ú¥N»ç®Æ¤¤¤@¥bªº³½¯»©M½¼¯»¡A±o¨ì¤ñ¸û¤Öªº¦¨ªø²v©M¹}®Æ®Ä²v ( Colvin and Brand , 1977 )¡C´N¤@ºØ¤£¦Pªº®ü½¼§Yµµ½¼ ( P. duorarum ) ¦Ó¨¥¡A¾Ú³ø§i«ü¥X ( Sick and Andrews , 1973 ) ¶À¨§¯»¬O¤@ºØ¡A¤ñ¸û³½¯»©M½¼¯»§ó¦nªº³J¥Õ½èì®Æ¡C¦b¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus ) ©MÂŽ¼ ( P. stylirostris ) ªº»ç®Æ¡A§Q¥Î¯Â¤Æ¶À¨§³J¥Õ½è ( Purified soybean protein ) ¨ú¥N¤@¥bªº¯Q¸é¯»¡Aµ²ªG±o§ó¦n¬¡¦s²v¡A¦¨ªø©M¹}®ÆÂà´«²v ( Fenucci et al., 1980 )¡C
»P¤Wz¤ñ¸û¤§¤U Foster and Beard ( 1973 ) ³ø§i¹L¡A¦b¤@ºØ Palaemon serrutus ªº»ç®Æ¥Î¶À¨§¯»¡A§¹¥þ¨ú¥N³½¯»«h·|³y¦¨¥Íªø§C¸¨ªºµ²ªG¡CFenucci and Zeie-Eldin ( 1976 ) ¤]³ø§i¹L¦b¬õ½¼ ( P. aztecus ) »ç®Æ¤¤¡A¦pªG§t¦³°ª¤ñ¨Ò ( 58% ) ªº¯Â¤Æ¶À¨§³J¥Õ½è¡A«h·|°§C»ç®ÆÄṶq¡C¤Wz°Ñ®t¤£¤@ªºµ²ªG¥i¯à´N¬O¡A²{¤µ¦b¾i½¼¹}®Æ¤¤¥Î¶q¦³ªºì¦]¡C
¥»¤å³ø§i¤TºØ¥Íªø´ÁªºY¤z®ü¤ô½¼¡A¦b¹êÅç¥Î¤ô½c¤¤¹ï³J¥Õ½è§t¶q 25 % »P 35%¡A§t¦³¤£¦P¶q¶À¨§¯»ªº¹}®ÆÀç¾i¤W¤ÏÀ³¡C¥»¤å¦P®É¤]n³ø§i¦b¤g¦À¹}¾i¤¤¡A§t¦³ 10 »P 40% ¶À¨§¯»ªº¹}®Æ¡A¹}¾i¬ü¬wªº¥Õ½¼ ( P. vannamei ) ªº¦¨Äò¡C
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«ö³J¥Õ½è§t¶q 25% »P 35% ½Õ°t¤G¨t¦Cªº¸ÕÅç¥Î»ç®Æ¡A³o¨Ç¸ÕÅç¥Î»ç®Æªº°t¤è©M¦ôºâ²Õ¦¨ ( Estimated composition ) ¦pªí¤@©Ò¥Ü¡A¦b³o¤G¨t¦Cªº°t¤è¤¤«ö¤@©wªº³J¥Õ½è§t¶qn¨D¤U¡A¨Ï¥Î¬Û·í¶qªº¶À¨§¯»¨ú¥N¦P¶qªº³½¯»©M½¼¯»¡C¬°¤F¹F¦¨¬Û¦Pªº¦ôpÅÖºû¡A¯×½è ( Lipid ) ©MÄqª«½è©w¶q¡A¦b¨C¤@¨t¦Cªº¸ÕÅç»ç®Æ¡A²K¥[¾A¶qÅÖºû¯À ( Cellulose )¡A¾ý¯»¡B¤òÅï³½ªo ( Capelin oil ) ©MÄqª«½è²V¦X¾¯¡C
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TABLE ONE : Ingredient composition of experimental feeds containing 25% protein and 35% protein levels used for tank studies.
Feedstuffs Soybean Content of Experimental Feeds | ||||
¡@ | Experimental Feeds Containing 25% Protein |
|||
15 | 30 | 45 | 53 | |
Soybean Meal | 15.0 | 30.0 | 45.0 | 52.7 |
Shrimp-Head Meal | 15.8 | 9.6 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
Menhaden Fish-Meal | 15.8 | 9.6 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
Corn Starch | 38.2 | 33.2 | 28.7 | 25.9 |
Cellulose | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
Capelin Fish Oil | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.8 |
Mineral Mix | 3.6 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 7.5 |
¡@ | Experimental Feeds Containing 25% Protein | |||
30 | 45 | 60 | 75 | |
Soybean Meal | 30.0 | 45.0 | 60.0 | 74.6 |
Shrimp-Head Meal | 18.7 | 12.4 | 6.1 | 0.0 |
Menhaden Fish-Meal | 18.7 | 12.4 | 6.1 | 0.0 |
Corn Starch | 22.2 | 17.1 | 12.0 | 6.9 |
Cellulose | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 |
Capelin Fish Oil | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.9 |
Mineral Mix | 1.4 | 3.0 | 4.6 | 6.1 |
All values are percent of feed on an as fed basis.
All feeds contained 1% lecithin , 0.5% cholesterol , 2% vitamin mix , 2% sodium alginate , 1% sodium hexametaphosphate , and 2% fish solubles.
Calculated composition of experimental feeds containing 25% protein was :25% protein , 8% lipid , 39% carbohydrate , 13% ash , 5% fiber and 10% water.
Calculated composition of experimental feeds containing 35% protein was :35% protein , 8% lipid , 29% carbohydrate , 13% ash , 5% fiber and 10% water.
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TABLE TWO: Water temperature , salinity , dissolved oxygen , pH , ammonia , nitrite and nitrate values for the semi-closed recirculating system.
Parameter | Units | Value±S.D. |
Water Temperature | ¢J | 28.3±1.2 |
Salinity | ppt | 29.7±1.8 |
Dissolved Oxygen | mg/liter | 5.9±0.5 |
pH | ¡@ | 8.2±0.3 |
Ammonia | mg N/liter | 0.1±0.1 |
Nitrite | mg N/liter | 0.1±0.1 |
Nitrate | mg N/liter | 0.4±0.2 |
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TABLE THREE: Weight gain ( as percent of initial whole body weight ) of Penaeus vannamei ( initial mean weight , 0.042 g ) fed 25% protein diets contain 15 , 30 , 45 and 53% soybean meals and 35% protein diets containing 30 , 45 , 60 , and 75% soybean meals.
% Soybean Meal in Diets | 25% Diets | 35% Diets |
15 | 147±16b | -------- |
30 | 268±23a | 196±17c |
45 | 291±29a | 319±23a |
53* | 298±31a | -------- |
60 | ------- | 297±32ab |
75* | ------- | 273±17b |
*Diets not containing any fish or shrimp-head meals.
Values are means±standard deviations for 8 observations. Means with the same letter in the same group are not significantly different.
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±q¹Ï¥|¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¬ü¬w¥Õ½¼ªº¤p½¼ ( ¶}©lÅé« 0.38 ~ 0.42g )¡Aµ¹¤© 25% ©Î 35%³J¥Õ½èªº§t¦³ 15%¡B30%©Î 45%¶À¨§¯»»ç®Æ®É¡A¦U¸ÕÅç¸s¶¡ªºÅ髦ʤÀ²v¨ÃµLÅãµÛ®t§O¥X²{¡A¤£¹L¦b¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¬Ûµ¥ªº±ø¥ó¤U¡A35%³J¥Õ½è¹}®Æ©Ò¹}¾iªÌ¡A¨äÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v°ª©ó¦P¶q¶À¨§¯»¡A25%³J¥Õ½è¹}®Æ©Ò¹}¾iªÌ¡C
¹Ï¤»P¹Ï¤»«ü¥X¥H 35%³J¥Õ½èªº¹}®Æ¹}¾i®É¡A¶}©lÅé« 0.53 ~ 0.77gªº¬ü¬w¥Õ½¼ ( P. avnnamei )¡A»P¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus ) ¨âªÌÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¡AÀHµÛ¶À¨§¯»§t¶q»¼¼W¨ì 53%¨â´£°ª¡C´N¬ü¬w¥Õ½¼ ( P. vannamei ) ¦Ó¨¥¨äÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¡A¦b¶À¨§¯»§t¶q 53% »P 68%ªº¹}¾i®É¡An¤ñ§t¦³ 30%¶À¨§¯»¹}®Æ²ÕªºÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¬°¨Î¡CÁöµM±qÁý¤© 75%¶À¨§¯»»ç®Æªº¡A½¼Å髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²vµ²ªG´£¥Ü¡A¦pªG¥H¶À¨§¯»¨ú¥N¥þ³¡»ç®Æ¤¤ªº³½¯»©M½¼ÀY¯»¡A¥i¯à·|¾ÉP¦¨ªø²vªº°§C¡AµM¦Ó±q§t¦³ 75%¶À¨§¯»»ç®Æªº¸ÕÅç²Õ¡A»P¨ä¥L³J¥Õ½è¦P¬° 35%ªº»ç®Æ¸ÕÅç²Õ¡A¬Û¤¬¤ñ¸û¤§¤U¤£¦P²Õ½¼°¦ªº¦¨ªø¨Ã¤£´¿¥X²{©úÅã®t²§¡C¤£¹L´N¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus ) ªº³õ¦X¦Ó¨¥¡A¥H§t¦³ 75%¶À¨§¯»ªº 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ©Ò¹}¾iªÌ¡A¨äÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v§C©ó§t¦³ 53%¶À¨§¯»ªº 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ©Ò¹}¾iªÌ¡C
¦b¥»¤å©Ò³¯z¹êÅç±ø¥ó¤U¡A±q¶}©lÅé« 1 g¥H¤Uªº¤p½¼¸ÕÅç¼Æ¾Ú¡A©Ò±o¨ìªº´£¥Ü´N¬O¦b 35%³J¥Õ½è¹}¾i¤¤¡A³Ì¨Î¶À¨§¯»§t¶qªº¤ô¥n°ª©ó 25%³J¥Õ½èªº¹}®Æ¡C¤@¦p 25%³J¥Õ½èªº¹}®Æ¯ë¡A¦b 35%³J¥Õ½è¹}®Æ¸ÕÅç²Õ¤¤¡A½¼°¦Å髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v³Ì®tªÌ¡A¥X²{¦b¶À¨§¯»§t¶q³Ì¤Öªº¸ÕÅç²Õ¡C
¹Ï¤C¡B¹Ï¤K»P¹Ï¤E¥Z¥Ü¸ÕÅç¶}©lÅé« 4.3 ~ 8.5g½¼°¦¡A¹ï¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¤£¦Pªº 25%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ¡A¹}¾i¸ÕÅ窺Àç¾i¤ÏÀ³¡C»P¤Wz¤p½¼¹}¾i¸ÕÅ窺µ²ªG¤ñ¸û¡A°£¤F×¤ó½¼ ( P. schmitti ) ¥H¥~¨ä¾lªº½¼Ãþ¡A¨ä¦¨ªøªº¼W¥[¨Ã¨S¦³ÀHµÛ»ç®Æ¤¤¡A¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¦Û15%¼W¥[¨ì 30%¦Ó¼W¥[¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W·í»ç®Æ¤¤¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¶W¹L 30%¥H¤W®É¡A¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus )¡A¬õ½¼ ( P. aztecus ) ©Mµµ½¼ ( P. duorarum ) ¤Ï¦Ó¦³¦¨ªø´î°hªº±¡ªp¥X²{¡C»P¦¹¬Û¦üªÌ§Y¥§¡¶}©lÅé« 4.4g ªºµµ½¼ ( P. duorarum )¡Aµ¹¤© 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ®É¡A¦p¹Ï¤Q©Ò¥Ü¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¦Û 30%¼W¥[¨ì 45%¡A«h¨äÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v§e²{»´«×ªº¤U°¡C
»P¤Wz¬Û¤ÏªÌ§Y¦b 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ¸ÕÅç®É¡A¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus ) ªºÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¡AÀHµÛ¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¦Û 30%¼W¥[ 45%¦Ó²¤¦³´£°ª¡AµM«á¦b¶À¨§¯»§t¶qÄ~Äò¼W¥[ 75%®É¡A¦p¹Ï¤Q©Ò¥Ü§e²{Å髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²vªº¤U°¡A¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus ) ªºÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¡A¦b¶À¨§¯»§t¶q 30% »P 60%ªº 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ²Õ¶¡¨ÃµL®t§O¡C¦p¹Ï¤Q¤@©Ò¥Ü¥Õ½¼ ( P. vannamei ) »P¬ü¬w¥Õ½¼ ( P. setiferus )¡A¦b 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æªº¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¡A¦Û 15%¨ì45%¶¡®É¨äÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¤]¨S¦³ÅܤơC¦p¹Ï¤Q¤G©Ò¥Ü¦b¶}©lÅé« 7.2 gªºµµ½¼ ( P. duorarum )¡Aµ¹¤© 35%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ®É¡AÁöµM¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¦Û 30% ¼W¥[¨ì 75%¡A¨Ã¤£·|°§C¨äÅ髼W¥[¦Ê¤À²v¡C
³o¶µµ²ªG«ü¥X¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¹F 53%®É¡A¦b 25%³J¥Õ½è»ç®Æ¤¤ªº¨î¦¨¤À ( Limiting component )¡A¦b»ç®Æ³J¥Õ½è´£°ª¨ì 35%ªº³õ¦X®É¡A´N¤£¦Aµo´§¨ä¨î¦¨ªøªº§@¥Î¡C§t¦³¦h¶q¶À¨§¯»®É©Ò²£¥Í¦¨ªø´î°hªºì¦]¡A¥i¯à«Y¥Ñ³½¯»©M½¼ÀY¯»§t¶q¡A¤£¤Î¨ä³Ì§C»Ý¨D¶q©Ò³y¦¨¡A¦Ó«D¥Ñ¶À¨§¯»§t¶qªº¦h¹è©Ò¥ª¥k¡C¡@
¥H¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¤À§O¬° 10%»P 40%ªº¨âºØ¹}®Æ°Ó«~¡A¦b¤g¦À¾i´Þ¬ü¬w¥Õ½¼ ( P. vannamei )¡A¨ä¤ô½è»P¦¨ªø¼Æ¾Ú¦pªí¥|©Ò¥Ü¡A³o¨âºØ¹}®Æ°Ó«~¥Dn®t§O¦b©ó¡A¶À¨§¯»ªº§t¶q»P°Êª«©Êì®Æªº§t¶q¡A¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¦hªÌ ( 40% ) ©Ò§t°Êª«©Êì®Æ¡A¤ñ¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¤ÖªÌ ( 10% ) ¬°¤Ö¡C³o¨Ç¼Æ¾Ú«ü¥X¨âºØ¤£¦P¹}®Æ°Ó«~ªº¾i½¼¦À¡A¨ä¤ô½èÅÜ¼Æ ( Water quality variables ) ¶¡¨ÃµL©úÅ㪺®t²§¡A¤£¹L¥»¶µ¹êÅç¨t²Îªº¬¡¦s²v²¤§C©ó 50%¡A¦Ó¥B¤ñ©Ò¹w´Áªº¬¡¦s²v¬ù§C 30%¡Cì¦]¥i¯à¥Ñ©ó·í®É¾¥¦èôÆW ( The Gulf of Mexico )¡A¥X²{¤@ºØ¬õ¼é¥Íª« ( Red tide organism ) ªº Ptychodiscus brevis ©ÒP¡A¦Ó¦]¬°®ü¤ô¤¤§t¦³ Ptychodiscus brevis ©Ò¢¡A¨Ï¤¶g¤¤¨C¤é´«¤ô²v°§C¨ì¤£¤Î 1%¡A»·§C©ó¸Ó¾i´Þ¦Àªº¥¿±`´«¤ô²v¡C¤£¹L¦b³oºØ°Ó·~©Ê¾i´Þ¦Àªº¸ÕÅ礤¡AµL½×¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¬° 40%»P10%ªº¹}®Æ°Ó«~¡A¹}¾iµ²ªG¬Ò±o¨ì¨C¶g¨C°¦½¼¼W«¬ù 1 gªº¦¨ÁZ¡A¦Ó¥B¦b¬°´Á 82 ¤éªº¤g¦À¾i´Þ´Á«á¡A³o¨âºØ°Ó·~©Ê¹}®Æ©Ò¹}¾iªº®ü¤ô½¼¡A¦¬Àò®Éªº«¶q¶¡¨ÃµL¯S§Oªº®t²§¥X²{¡C
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TABLE FOUR: Growth and water quality data for Penaeus vannamei fed either a commercial feed containing 10% or 40% soybean meal in earthen ponds.
¡@ Variable |
Treatment |
|
10% Soybean Feed | 40% Soybean Feed | |
Water Temperature AM (¢J) | 25.7±3.2 | 25.7±3.2 |
Water Temperature PM (¢J) | 29.0±3.7 | 29.0±3.7 |
Dissolved Oxygen AM (mg/liter) | 3.8±1.2 | 4.1±1.1 |
Dissolved Oxygen PM (mg/liter) | 9.2±1.8 | 8.9±1.7 |
Salinity (ppt) | 33.0±3.6 | 33.2±3.7 |
pH | 8.9±0.2 | 8.9±0.2 |
Chlorophyll a (microgram/liter) | 18.7±18.0 | 14.3±18.5 |
Harvest Size (grams/shrimp) | 12.2±0.6 | 12.6±0.3 |
Values are mean±standard deviation for four ponds for harvest size and 328 observattions for water quality values.
Percent survival was 48.1 and 49.1 for ponds fed commercial feeds containing 10% and 40% soybean meals , respectively.
¡@
±q¥H¤W©Ò±o¨ìªººî¦Xµ²½×¬O¡A¡u¹ï½¼ ( Penaeid shrimp )¡v¥Î¹}®Æ¤¤¶À¨§¯»ªº½Õ°t¶q¡A¥i¥H´£°ª¨ì 10%¥H¤W¡A¦Ó¥B½¼°¦¹ï©Ò§t»ç®Æ¶À¨§¯»ªºÀç¾i©Ê¤ÏÀ³¡A«Y¨ü¨ì»ç®ÆÁ`³J¥Õ½è¡A½¼Åé¤j¤p»P½¼Ãþªº«~ºØµ¥©Ò¤ä°t¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W±q¥H¤Wªº¼Æ¾Ú´£¥Ü¡A¦b¯Ê¥F¤ÑµM»ç®Æªº¹êÅç«ÇÀô¹Ò¤¤¡A§t¦³¶À¨§¯» 40 ~ 50%ªº¹}®Æ¡A¤w¸g¨¬¥i¥Î¨Ó¾i´Þ¤Wzªº®ü¤ô½¼Ãþ¡C
¤w¦³ªºÃÒ©ú«ü¥X¨Ï¥Î¤@ºØ§CÀç¾i©Ê¹}®Æ¡A¦b¦À¤¤¾i½¼ªºµ²ªG¨ä¦¨ªø²v¡A°ª©ó¬Û¦P¹}®Æ¦b¹êÅç«Ç¤ô½c¾i½¼ªº¦¨ªø²v¡A©Î»P¨Ï¥Î¥t¤@ºØ°ªÀç¾i©Ê¹}®Æ¡A¦b¹êÅç«Ç¤ô½c¾i´Þ¤¤¡AµLªk±o¨ì¤ÑµM»ç®Æªº½t¬G¡A¦Ó«áªÌ¹ï©ó«Ç¥~¾i´Þ¦À¤¤¡A©Ò¾i´Þ½¼ÃþªºÀç¾i»Ý¨D¦³©Ò°^Äm¡C¨Ï¥Î¹}®Æ°Ó«~ªº°Ó·~©Ê¦Àªk¾i½¼®É¡A¦pªG¤£¯Ê¥F¥b·L¶q«¬Àç¾i¯À ( Semi-micronutrients ) ¦p¥²»Ý¯×ªÕ»Äµ¥¡A¥H¤Î·L¶qÀç¾i¯À¦pºû¥Í¯À©MÄqª«½è¡A«h¹}®Æ°Ó«~¤¤ªº¶À¨§¯»§t¶q¡A¦³¥i¯à¶i¤@¨B´£°ª¨ì 40 ~ 50%¥H¤W¡C
¦b¬Y¨Ç¦a¤è¦pªG¯à§Q¥Î´Óª«©Êì®Æ¡A¨ú¥N¤ñ¸û©ù¶Qªº°Êª«©Êì®Æ¡A«h¥i¥H¤j´T«×¸`¬Ù¹}®Æ¦¨¥»¡A¹ï©ó³J¥Õ½è§t¶q¦b 25 ~ 45%ªº¹}®Æ°Ó«~¡Aì®Æ¦¨¥»¨C¤½¾·°ª¹F 250 ~ 500¬ü¤¸ªº³½¯»¡A¦³¥i¯à¥Î¤j¶qªº¶À¨§¯»¤©¥H¨ú¥N¡A¨Ï±o¦b°Ó·~©Ê¦À¦¡¾i½¼·~ªÌ¡A±q§t¦³¶À¨§¯»ªº¾i½¼¹}®Æ¡A±o¨ì¸`¬Ù¹}®Æ¦¨¥»ªº§Q¯q¡C
¡@
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
Colvin , L.B. and C.W. Brank. 1977. The protein requirement of penaeid shrimp at various life cycle stages in controlled envirronment systems. Journal World Mariculture Society 8:821840.
Balazs , G.H., E. Ross and C.C. Brooks. 1973. Preliminary studies on the preparation and feeding of crustacean diets. Aquaculture 2:369.
Balazs , G.H. and E. Ross. 1976. Effect of protein source and level on Growth and performance on the captive freshwater prawn , Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture 7:299.
Fenucci , J. L. and Z. P. Zein-Eldin. 1976. Evaluation of squid mantle meal as a protein source in penaeid nutrition. FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture , Kyoto , Japan.
Forster , J. R. M. and T. W. Beard. 1973. Growth experiments with the prawn Palaemon serratus pennant fed fresh and compounded foods. Fisheries Investigations , Series II. v. 27 , no. 7 , Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food , London.
SAS. 1984. SAS User's Guide: Statistical Analysis System Institute , Inc ., Cary , N. C.
Sick , L. V. and J. W. Andrews.1973. The effect of selected dietary lipids , carbohydrates and proteins on the growth , survival and body composition of penaeus duorarum. Journal World Mariculture Society 4:263.
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