¶V¨Ó¶V³Qª`­«ªº»Ä©ÊÂ÷¨Å½Þ¹}®Æ

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¥Ñ©ó¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¤H¿³½ì©ó§Q¥Î¦³¾÷»Ä(Organic acids)¦bÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¹}®Æ¸Ì¡A¦Ó¯à§ïµ½°¦¤é¼W­«©M¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡A³o½g¤å³¹°Q½×¤£¦Pªº»Ä¦p¦ó¼vÅT½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªø¡C

¬ã¨s¹}®Æ§ïµ½Â÷¨Å¥J½Þªº¥Í¦s¡Bµo¨|¯à¤O¤w¦³¤@¬q®É¶¡¡A¦³³\¦h¤£¦Pªº³æ¦ì­ì®Æ¤w³Q¬ã¨s¡A¥]¬A¤@³s¦êªº«DÀç¾i©Ê¹}®Æ²K¥[¾¯¡A³ÌªñªºÁͶլO§Q¥Î¦³¾÷»Ä¥h§ïµ½Â÷¨Å¥J½Þ°¦¤é¼W­«¤Î¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡C

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¤°»ò¬O»Äªº¥\¥Î¡H

        ½Þ­G¤Àªc±j»Ä(Hydrochloric Hcl)¡A³o­Ó¤Àªc»Ä§êºt¦b­G®ø¤Æ¹Lµ{©Mºû«ù¥¿±`®ø¤Æ¨t²Îªº¥\¯à¡A­G¦b®ø¤Æ¨t²Î¤¤§êºt¤@­Ó­«­nªº¨¤¦â¡A­G°£¤F¦³¶J¦s¹}®Æªº¥\¯à¥B¯à½Õ¾ã¹}®Æ¶i¤J¤p¸zªº³t²v¡A¥B­G¬°³J¥Õ½è¥[¤ô¤À¸Ñªº¶}©l¡A³o­Ó¥\¯à¦ñÀHµÛ­G³J¥ÕúAªº¬¡¤Æ§@¥Î¡A­G³J¥ÕúA¥Ñ«D¬¡¤Æªº­G³J¥Õ»Ã¯ÀúA(Pepsinogen)¤Àªc¡AÂà´«¦¨¬¡¤Æ­G³J¥ÕúA¡A¬O¥Ñ»Ä§êºt³o­Ó¨¤¦â¡A°£¦¹¦Ó¥~¡A¬¡¤Æ­G³J¥ÕúAªºpH­È¬O2¡A¦b°ªªºpH­È¤U¡A­G³J¥Õ¬¡©Ê¬OÅãµÛªº´î§C¡A³J¥Õ½è¸g­G³J¥ÕúA§@¥Î«áªº³Ì²×²£ª«¬O¤p³J¥Õ©M¦húV(Peptides)¡A³o¶}©lªº­G³J¥Õ¥[¤ô§@¥Î¬O¥²»Ý¥Ñ±µ¤Uªº¤p¸z¤¤¯Ø³J¥ÕúA(Trypsin)¬¡¤Æ¨Ó§¹¦¨¡C

­G°£¤F´£¨Ñ¾A·íÀô¹ÒÀ°§U­G³J¥ÕúAªº¬¡¤Æ¥\¥Î¡A­G»Ä¥B¬Oªì¨ë¿E¯ØŦ¤Àªc­«ºÒ»ÄÆQ(bicarbonate)­G³J¥ÕúAªº²×²£ª«¡A¦P®É¨ë¿E¯ØŦ³J¥ÕúAªº¤Àªc¡A³Ì«á»ÄÂ÷¶}­G§êºt³¡¥÷°jõX(feedback)§@¥Î¡AÀ°§U½Õ¾ã­G®ø¤Æ³t²v¡A´î§C¤p¸zªº®ø¤Æ­t¾á¡C

­G»Äªº¥t¤@­Ó­«­n¥\¯à¬O«OÅ@®ø¤Æ¹D¤U³¡ªº²Óµß«I¤J¡A§CªºpH(2.0©Î§ó¤Ö)´¶¹Mµo²{¦b¥¿±`ªº¦¨½Þ¡A¥Bªí²{¥X©úÅ㪺§í¨î²Óµß§@¥Î¡A¦]¦¹·L¥Íª«±q¼L¶i¤J®ø¤Æ¨t²Î¡A¬O¤£¯à°÷³q¹L­G¦Ó¦¨¥\ªº¦b¤p¸z¤¤Ác´Þ¡A­è¥X¥Í®É¡A¥J½Þ­G¬OµLµß¡A¦ý«Ü¨³³tªº³Q¨Å¿}µßÁc´Þ¡A¥Ñ©ó¨Å¿}µßªº¼W´Þ¡A­Gµ³½¤¤ÀªcHcl¤£¨¬°÷¯à¤À§í¨î²Óµß¡A¦¹®É­G¤º²Ó­M¦³®Ä»Äªº¤Àªc¬O¤£¨¬¥H¨¾¤îpHªº¤É°ª¡A»Äªº¤Àªc¤£¨¬¨Ï±o¤j¸z±ìµß¦b­G¸z¹D¤¤¨³³t¼W´Þ¡A¥Ñ©ó²Óµßªº¦hÁޯ׳J¥Õ·|§í¨î»Äªº¤Àªc¡A¬G­G¤¤¤j¸z±ìµßªºÁc´Þ¡A±N¨Ï­G»Äªº¤Àªc´î¤Ö¡C(Baume et al., 1967¡FWylie et al., 1967¡FWhite et al., 1969)

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Organic acids(¦³¾÷»Ä)

        ²z½×¤W¹}®Æ¤¤²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä¦Ó§ïµ½Â÷¨Å¥J½Þªºªí²{¦³´XºØ°²³]¡G

1.°²³]¤ñ¸û°_¥Íªø¤Î¦¨½ÞÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¦³¥¼¦¨¼ôªº®ø¤Æ¨t²Î¡A¦]¦¹±N­­¨î³J¥Õ½è¤ÎºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«ªº®ø¤Æ¯à¤O¡A¦ÓÂ÷¨Å¥J½ÞpH­È±q­G¸z¹D¤º®eª«¤¤´ú¥X¤ñ¥¼Â÷¨Å¤Î¦¨ªø½Þ°ª¡C(Schicketanz and Richter, 1967¡FSchulman 1973)¡C

2.°²³]¹}®Æ¤¤»Ä¤Æ¤£¨¬¡A¦Ó»P®ø¤Æ¤£¦n¦³Ãö¥B·|¼vÅT­G³J¥ÕúAªº¬¡©Ê¡A§Üµß©Ê¬¡¤O©M­G¸z¹Dªº®ø¤Æ³t²v¡C

3.°²³]¹}®Æ¤¤²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä¡A±N­°§C¹}®Æ©M½Þ­G¸z¹DªºpH­È(Schulman, 1973¡FThomlinson and Lawrence, 1981¡FKidder, 1982¡FAbin, 1985)¦Ó¤U¤@­Óµ²½×¬OÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ­G¸z¹D¦³¨¬°÷§CªºpH­È¡A¤]³\¬O´î¤ÖÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ³Â·Ð³Ì­«­nªº­ì¦]¡C(ªí1)

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Table 1. ¦C   ¥X  »P  ½Þ  ®Æ  ¦³  Ãö  ªº  ¦³  ¾÷   »Ä  ª«  ²z  ©Ê  ª¬
ACID Mol. Wt. Ka Solubility
Acetic

Citric

Fumaric

Iactic

Propionic

Phosphoric acid(µL¾÷»Ä)

60.05

192.12

116.07

90.80

74.08

98.00

1.8¡Ñ10-5

7.5¡Ñ10-4

3.6¡Ñ10-5

1.4¡Ñ10-4

1.4¡Ñ10-5

7.5¡Ñ10-5

¡Ð

Very

Slightly

¡Ð

¡Ð

¡Ð

µù¡G»Äªº¬Û¹ï±j«×¬O¥ÑÂ÷¤l«Y¼Æ©M¤ôªº·»¸Ñ«×¨Óªí¥Ü¡A²K¥[Citric fumaric acidªºª«²z©Êª¬¤£¦P¡A¤]·|¼vÅT½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªøªí²{¡C

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Citric and fumaric acids

        ªF¼Ú§Q¥Î»Ä©Ê¹}®Æ§ïµ½½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªø®Ä²v¤w¦³¦h¦~ªº®É¶¡¡A¤j­P¤W¦Ó¨¥¡A5¦Ü110¤½¤çªº½Þ°¦²K¥[ÂfÂc»Ä1¦Ü4.5¢H¯à§ïµ½¥Íªøªí²{¡A(Cupka and kosalko, 1975¡FKirchgessner and Roth, 1978)µM¦ÓPaullaut et al. (1980)³ø§i¦b­­¹}½Þ°¦¤¤§ïµ½¥Íªøªí²{¡A¦³¨Ç¬ã¨sªÌ«h¯S§Oª`·NCitric acid©Mfumaric acidµ¥¦³¾÷»Ä¹ï·sÂ÷¨Å½Þªº¼vÅT¡AÂfÂc»Ä¦b½Þ°¦10¤éÄ֮ɤw³QÃÒ¹êÅãµÛªº§ïµ½¥Íªø®Ä²v©M½Þ°¦ªº¹}®ÆÄá­¹¡C(Henry et al., 1985 Table 2)

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Table 2. Vitric or fumaric acid for early weaned pigsa
¡@ Control Citricb Fumaricc
Daily gain,g

Daily feed,g

Gain/feed

189

189

0.96

216

226

0.97

170

182

0.86

a. Adapted form Henry et al. (1985) Pigs were weaned at 10 days of age; initial weight 3.1Kg; 25 day trial.

b. Replaced 3.0% of the final diet.

c. Replacid 1.5% of the final diet.

        ¹}®Æ¤¤§t¦³ÂfÂc»Ä§ïµ½¥Íªø¡A¦bÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¤¤¤w¸g³sÄòªºªí²{¡GFumaric acidªí²{½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªøªí²{¡A«D±`Ãþ¦üÂfÂc»Ä¡C(Table 3 Giesting and Easter, 1985)¡A¥Íªø½ÞÁýfumaric acid»P¹ï·Ó²Õ¨Ã¨S¦³ÅãµÛªºªí²{¡C

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Table 3. Effect of fumaric acid supplementation on performance of starter pigsa
¡@ Fumaric acid level, %
0 1 2 3 4
Daily gain, g

Daily feed, g

Gain/feed

261

501

0.52

261

484

0.54

257

445

0.57

296

493

0.60

297

500

0.60

a. Adapted from Giesting and Easter (1985). initial weight 8.6Kg, 4 week trial.

        ½Þ®Æ¤¤²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä´î§C­G¸z¹DªºpH­È©M²Óµßªº¼W´Þ¡C(Cole et al. 1968¡FThomlinson and Lawrence 1981)¹}®Æ¤¤§t¦³Citric acid´î§CpH­È©M²Óµß¼Æ¥Ø¦b­G©M¤Q¤G«ü¸z¤¤ªí²{¤ñFumaric acid (Scipion et al., 1978)¦]¦¹³o¥i¯à´Á±æCitric acid±N·|¤ñfumaric acidªº¥Íªøªí²{¸û¦n¡C

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Other acids(¨ä¥L»Ä)

        °£¤FCitric acid©Mfumaric acid¨ä¥¦¦³¾÷»Ä©MµL¾÷»Ä¥ç³Q¬ã¨s¡AKentucky¬ã¨s³ø§i¦b¥J½Þ²K»P²V¦X¦³¾÷»Ä·|§ïµ½¥Íªø©M¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡C(Table 7©M8¡FCormowell and Burnell, 1987) Giesting and Easter (1986)¬ã¨sPropionic acid¤þ»Ä¯à§ïµ½¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡A¦ý¹ï°¦¤é¼W­«µLÃö(Table 4)¡A³o¨Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¦P®É½Õ¬d¤@¨ÇµL¾÷»Ä(Table 6)¡AµL¾÷»Ä¤¤°£¤FÁC»Ä(Phosphoric acid)¥~§¡·|¤Þ°_¥Íªø½wºC¡B´î¤Ö¹}®ÆÄá¨ú©M¼vÅT¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡C

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Table  4.   Comparison  of  the  effects  of  propionic,  fumaric   and  citric  acids  on  the  performance  of   starter  pigs a
¡@ Control Propionic Fumaric Citric
Daily gain,g

Daily feed, g

Gain/feed

252

492

0.51

241

438

0.55

264

480

0.55

260

473

0.55

a. Adapted from Giesting and Easter (1985). Average initial weight 7.5kg, 4 week trial

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Table  5.   Effect   of   fumaric   or   citric    acid   additions   on   starter   pig   performance   and   digestive   function a
¡@ Control Fumaric, % Citric, %
1 2 1 2
Daily gain, g

Daily feed, g

Gain/feed

DM digestibillity, %

Protein digestibility, %

407

655

0.62

80.8

78.4

431

650

0.66

80.6

78.9

426

6.32

0.67

80.9

79.8

423

649

0.65

80.2

78.6

437

632

0.69

80.9

79.4

a. Adopted from Falkowski and Aherne (1984).

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Table 6. Effect of organic and inorganic acids on performance of starter pigs a

¡@ Control Fumaric Hydrochloric Phosphoric Sulfuric
Daily gain, g

Daily feed, g

Gain/feed

341

654

0.52

309

577

0.54

209

431

0.50

350

613

0.57

191

422

0.46

a. Adapted from Giesting and Easter, 1986.

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Table  7.   Effect   of   organic   acid   addition    to   simple   vs.   complex   diets    for   starter   pigs
Whey a

acid

Daily gain, g

Daily geed, g

Gain/feed

Milkb

fumaric acid, %

Daily gain, g

Daily feed, g

Gain/feed

DM/digestibility,%

Protein digestibility, %

¡Ð

¡Ð

291

513

0.57

¡Ð

0

291

540

0.54

69.0

65.1

¡Ð

¡Ï

318

527

0.60

¡Ð

2

318

549

0.58

71.7

72.7

¡Ï

¡Ð

327

577

0.56

¡Ð

3

313

536

0.58

¡Ð

¡Ð

¡Ï

¡Ï

341

558

0.60

¡Ï

0

327

531

0.61

75.8

74.5

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡Ï

2

350

538

0.64

74.8

74.0

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡Ï

3

350

536

0.65

¡Ð

¡Ð

a. Adapted from Cromwell and Burnell (1987). Average initial weight kg; 28 day trial. Dried whey included at 15%.

b. Adapted from Giesting and Easter (1986). Average initial weight kg; 28 day trial. Dried skim milk included at 25%.

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Table 8. Performance of weanling pigs fed a complex starter diet supplemented with antibiotics, copper sulfate and an organic acid mix a
Antibiotic b

Copper c

Acid mix d

Diet pH

Daily gain, g

Daily feed, g

Gain/feed

¡Ð

¡Ð

¡Ð

5.52

236

459

0.513

¡Ï

¡Ð

¡Ð

5.64

359

631

0.562

¡Ï

¡Ï

¡Ð

5.52

400

686

0.575

¡Ï

¡Ð

¡Ï

4.5

359

599

0.599

¡Ï

¡Ï

¡Ï

5.03

418

513

0.592

a. Taken from Cromwell and Burnell, 1987.

b. Provides 110 ppm chlortetracycline, 110 ppm sulfamethazine and 55 ppm procaine penicillin.

c. From copper sulfate, provided 250 ppm Cu.

d. Commercial mixture of citric acid, citrate, sorbic acid and benzoate. Also contained L. acidophilus and B. faecium enzymes and flavoring agents, included at 1.0% of the diet.

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Organic acid©MOther feed additives(¦³¾÷»Ä©M¨ä¥¦¹}®Æ²K¥[¾¯)

        ¦³¾÷»Ä©M¨ä¥¦¹}®Æ²K¥[¾¯ªº¬Û¤¬¼vÅT¤w³QUniversity of Kentucky (Table 8¡FCormwell and Burnell, 1987) and University of Illinois (Edmonds et al., 1985)¾¨ºÞ¤£¦Pªº»Ä©M¿@«×¤£¦Pªº»Ä³Q²K¥[¡Aµ²½×¬O²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä©M§Ü¥Í¯À©Î²¸»Ä»É±N§ó¶i¤@¨B§ïµ½°¦¤é¼W­«4¡ã5¢H¡C

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Palatability(¾A¤f©Ê)

        ¹ï©ó¥Íªø¤ÏÀ³»Ä©Ê¹}®Æªº¾A¤f©Ê¬O¤@­Ó­«­nªº¦]¯À(Cole et al., 1968)¡A·í¦­´ÁÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¯à¤¹³\¿ï¾Ü¹ï·Ó¡ACitric acid©Mfumaric acidªº¹}®Æ¡A¥L­Ì¤ñ¸û°¾·R¹ï·Ó²Õ¹}®Æ(Henry et al 1985.)¡C

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¦³¾÷»Ä©M³J¥Õ½è¨Ó·½(Orgain acids and protein source)

        ¦pªG³J¥Õ½è¥[¤ô¤À¸Ñ§@¥Î¦b­G¤¤³Q¯}Ãa¡A²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä«h·|§ïµ½³J¥Õ½èªº®ø¤Æ²v¡A¥t¤@°²³]¡A·í¹}®Æ¤¤§t¦³§ó¦h®e©ö®ø¤Æªº³J¥Õ½è²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä«h¦³¸û¤£¦nªº®ÄªG¡A¤W­zªº°²³]³£³Q¸ÕÅç¡A¤£ºÞ¨Ï¥Î¨Å¼ß(Whey)©Î²æ¯×¨Å(skim milk)©M¦³¾÷»Ä²K¥[¦b¹}®Æ¤¤§¡¯à§ïµ½¦­´Á¥J½Þªº¥Íªøªí²{¡AµM¦Ó°ª¿@«×¦³¾÷»Ä¬O¥²»Ý¦b¤G¶g«áÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ®Æ¤¤²K¥[¡A¯S§O¬O¥É¦Ì©M¨§¯»¹}®Æ©Î¥É¦Ì¡B¨§¯»©M²æ¯×¨Å¯»(Giesting and Easter, 1986)¡ACitric©Mfumaric acid³£¤£·|¼vÅT²V¦X¹}®Æ¤¤°®ª«½è©M³J¥Õ½èªº®ø¤Æ²v¡A(Fallkowsk and Aherne, 1984. Table 5)¦ýfumaric acid§ïµ½³æ¤@ªº¥É¦Ì¡Ð¨§¯»¹}®Æ¤¤³J¥Õ½èªº®ø¤Æ²v(Giesting and Easter, 1986).

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¦¨¥»©M¨ä¥¦ªº¦]¯À(Cost and other factors)

        ¨S¦³¦³®Äªº¼Æ¦r¦s¦b¡A¤@­Ó°²³]·í§Q¥Î¦³¾÷»Ä­°§C¹}®ÆªºpH­È¡A±N¼W¥[¹}®Æ¼t¥Í²£³]³Æªº·lÃa³t«×¡A¥Ð¶¡¸ÕÅçÆ[¹î¡A°ª·Å¥É¦Ì¹ï¦³¾÷»Äªº¯}Ãa¦³«Ü¤jªº¼vÅT¡A³o»Ä²K¥[¦¨¥»¼Æ¦rÅã¥Ü¬O¤£¶Qªº¡A¤j¬ù¨C¾·¦¨¥»¬üª÷25¦Ü50¤¸¶¡(¨M©w©ó¦óºØ»Ä¡B¿@«×µ¥¡A¹ï©ó¦³¾÷»Ä²£«~¦Ó¨¥¥Î¶uÆQ©Î¹[ÆQ±N¯}Ãa½Þ°¦ªº»Ä¥­¿Å¦]¦¹·|´î§C½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªøªí²{¡C

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[¥»¤åĶ¦Û(Acidified Weanling Pig Diets Gain Increasing Attention) by Steven G. Cornelius Feedstuff, February 1, 1988]

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