¶V¨Ó¶V³Qª`«ªº»Ä©ÊÂ÷¨Å½Þ¹}®Æ
¡@
¥Ñ©ó¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¤H¿³½ì©ó§Q¥Î¦³¾÷»Ä(Organic acids)¦bÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¹}®Æ¸Ì¡A¦Ó¯à§ïµ½°¦¤é¼W«©M¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡A³o½g¤å³¹°Q½×¤£¦Pªº»Ä¦p¦ó¼vÅT½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªø¡C
¬ã¨s¹}®Æ§ïµ½Â÷¨Å¥J½Þªº¥Í¦s¡Bµo¨|¯à¤O¤w¦³¤@¬q®É¶¡¡A¦³³\¦h¤£¦Pªº³æ¦ìì®Æ¤w³Q¬ã¨s¡A¥]¬A¤@³s¦êªº«DÀç¾i©Ê¹}®Æ²K¥[¾¯¡A³ÌªñªºÁͶլO§Q¥Î¦³¾÷»Ä¥h§ïµ½Â÷¨Å¥J½Þ°¦¤é¼W«¤Î¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡C
¡@
¤°»ò¬O»Äªº¥\¥Î¡H
½ÞG¤Àªc±j»Ä(Hydrochloric Hcl)¡A³oÓ¤Àªc»Ä§êºt¦bG®ø¤Æ¹Lµ{©Mºû«ù¥¿±`®ø¤Æ¨t²Îªº¥\¯à¡AG¦b®ø¤Æ¨t²Î¤¤§êºt¤@Ó«nªº¨¤¦â¡AG°£¤F¦³¶J¦s¹}®Æªº¥\¯à¥B¯à½Õ¾ã¹}®Æ¶i¤J¤p¸zªº³t²v¡A¥BG¬°³J¥Õ½è¥[¤ô¤À¸Ñªº¶}©l¡A³oÓ¥\¯à¦ñÀHµÛG³J¥ÕúAªº¬¡¤Æ§@¥Î¡AG³J¥ÕúA¥Ñ«D¬¡¤ÆªºG³J¥Õ»Ã¯ÀúA(Pepsinogen)¤Àªc¡AÂà´«¦¨¬¡¤ÆG³J¥ÕúA¡A¬O¥Ñ»Ä§êºt³oÓ¨¤¦â¡A°£¦¹¦Ó¥~¡A¬¡¤ÆG³J¥ÕúAªºpHȬO2¡A¦b°ªªºpHȤU¡AG³J¥Õ¬¡©Ê¬OÅãµÛªº´î§C¡A³J¥Õ½è¸gG³J¥ÕúA§@¥Î«áªº³Ì²×²£ª«¬O¤p³J¥Õ©M¦húV(Peptides)¡A³o¶}©lªºG³J¥Õ¥[¤ô§@¥Î¬O¥²»Ý¥Ñ±µ¤Uªº¤p¸z¤¤¯Ø³J¥ÕúA(Trypsin)¬¡¤Æ¨Ó§¹¦¨¡C
G°£¤F´£¨Ñ¾A·íÀô¹ÒÀ°§UG³J¥ÕúAªº¬¡¤Æ¥\¥Î¡AG»Ä¥B¬Oªì¨ë¿E¯ØŦ¤Àªc«ºÒ»ÄÆQ(bicarbonate)G³J¥ÕúAªº²×²£ª«¡A¦P®É¨ë¿E¯ØŦ³J¥ÕúAªº¤Àªc¡A³Ì«á»ÄÂ÷¶}G§êºt³¡¥÷°jõX(feedback)§@¥Î¡AÀ°§U½Õ¾ãG®ø¤Æ³t²v¡A´î§C¤p¸zªº®ø¤Æt¾á¡C
G»Äªº¥t¤@Ó«n¥\¯à¬O«OÅ@®ø¤Æ¹D¤U³¡ªº²Óµß«I¤J¡A§CªºpH(2.0©Î§ó¤Ö)´¶¹Mµo²{¦b¥¿±`ªº¦¨½Þ¡A¥Bªí²{¥X©úÅ㪺§í¨î²Óµß§@¥Î¡A¦]¦¹·L¥Íª«±q¼L¶i¤J®ø¤Æ¨t²Î¡A¬O¤£¯à°÷³q¹LG¦Ó¦¨¥\ªº¦b¤p¸z¤¤Ác´Þ¡Aè¥X¥Í®É¡A¥J½ÞG¬OµLµß¡A¦ý«Ü¨³³tªº³Q¨Å¿}µßÁc´Þ¡A¥Ñ©ó¨Å¿}µßªº¼W´Þ¡AGµ³½¤¤ÀªcHcl¤£¨¬°÷¯à¤À§í¨î²Óµß¡A¦¹®ÉG¤º²ÓM¦³®Ä»Äªº¤Àªc¬O¤£¨¬¥H¨¾¤îpHªº¤É°ª¡A»Äªº¤Àªc¤£¨¬¨Ï±o¤j¸z±ìµß¦bG¸z¹D¤¤¨³³t¼W´Þ¡A¥Ñ©ó²Óµßªº¦hÁޯ׳J¥Õ·|§í¨î»Äªº¤Àªc¡A¬GG¤¤¤j¸z±ìµßªºÁc´Þ¡A±N¨ÏG»Äªº¤Àªc´î¤Ö¡C(Baume et al., 1967¡FWylie et al., 1967¡FWhite et al., 1969)
¡@
Organic acids(¦³¾÷»Ä)
²z½×¤W¹}®Æ¤¤²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä¦Ó§ïµ½Â÷¨Å¥J½Þªºªí²{¦³´XºØ°²³]¡G
1.°²³]¤ñ¸û°_¥Íªø¤Î¦¨½ÞÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¦³¥¼¦¨¼ôªº®ø¤Æ¨t²Î¡A¦]¦¹±N¨î³J¥Õ½è¤ÎºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«ªº®ø¤Æ¯à¤O¡A¦ÓÂ÷¨Å¥J½ÞpHȱqG¸z¹D¤º®eª«¤¤´ú¥X¤ñ¥¼Â÷¨Å¤Î¦¨ªø½Þ°ª¡C(Schicketanz and Richter, 1967¡FSchulman 1973)¡C
2.°²³]¹}®Æ¤¤»Ä¤Æ¤£¨¬¡A¦Ó»P®ø¤Æ¤£¦n¦³Ãö¥B·|¼vÅTG³J¥ÕúAªº¬¡©Ê¡A§Üµß©Ê¬¡¤O©MG¸z¹Dªº®ø¤Æ³t²v¡C
3.°²³]¹}®Æ¤¤²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä¡A±N°§C¹}®Æ©M½ÞG¸z¹DªºpHÈ(Schulman, 1973¡FThomlinson and Lawrence, 1981¡FKidder, 1982¡FAbin, 1985)¦Ó¤U¤@Óµ²½×¬OÂ÷¨Å¥J½ÞG¸z¹D¦³¨¬°÷§CªºpHÈ¡A¤]³\¬O´î¤ÖÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ³Â·Ð³Ì«nªºì¦]¡C(ªí1)
¡@
Table 1. ¦C ¥X »P ½Þ ®Æ ¦³ Ãö ªº ¦³ ¾÷ »Ä ª« ²z ©Ê ª¬ | |||
ACID | Mol. Wt. | Ka | Solubility |
Acetic Citric Fumaric Iactic Propionic Phosphoric acid(µL¾÷»Ä) |
60.05 192.12 116.07 90.80 74.08 98.00 |
1.8¡Ñ10-5 7.5¡Ñ10-4 3.6¡Ñ10-5 1.4¡Ñ10-4 1.4¡Ñ10-5 7.5¡Ñ10-5 |
¡Ð Very Slightly ¡Ð ¡Ð ¡Ð |
µù¡G»Äªº¬Û¹ï±j«×¬O¥ÑÂ÷¤l«Y¼Æ©M¤ôªº·»¸Ñ«×¨Óªí¥Ü¡A²K¥[Citric fumaric acidªºª«²z©Êª¬¤£¦P¡A¤]·|¼vÅT½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªøªí²{¡C |
¡@
Citric and fumaric acids
ªF¼Ú§Q¥Î»Ä©Ê¹}®Æ§ïµ½½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªø®Ä²v¤w¦³¦h¦~ªº®É¶¡¡A¤jP¤W¦Ó¨¥¡A5¦Ü110¤½¤çªº½Þ°¦²K¥[ÂfÂc»Ä1¦Ü4.5¢H¯à§ïµ½¥Íªøªí²{¡A(Cupka and kosalko, 1975¡FKirchgessner and Roth, 1978)µM¦ÓPaullaut et al. (1980)³ø§i¦b¹}½Þ°¦¤¤§ïµ½¥Íªøªí²{¡A¦³¨Ç¬ã¨sªÌ«h¯S§Oª`·NCitric acid©Mfumaric acidµ¥¦³¾÷»Ä¹ï·sÂ÷¨Å½Þªº¼vÅT¡AÂfÂc»Ä¦b½Þ°¦10¤éÄ֮ɤw³QÃÒ¹êÅãµÛªº§ïµ½¥Íªø®Ä²v©M½Þ°¦ªº¹}®ÆÄṡC(Henry et al., 1985 Table 2)
¡@
Table 2. Vitric or fumaric acid for early weaned pigsa | |||
¡@ | Control | Citricb | Fumaricc |
Daily gain,g Daily feed,g Gain/feed |
189 189 0.96 |
216 226 0.97 |
170 182 0.86 |
a. Adapted form Henry et al. (1985)
Pigs were weaned at 10 days of age; initial weight 3.1Kg; 25 day trial. b. Replaced 3.0% of the final diet. c. Replacid 1.5% of the final diet. |
¹}®Æ¤¤§t¦³ÂfÂc»Ä§ïµ½¥Íªø¡A¦bÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¤¤¤w¸g³sÄòªºªí²{¡GFumaric acidªí²{½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªøªí²{¡A«D±`Ãþ¦üÂfÂc»Ä¡C(Table 3 Giesting and Easter, 1985)¡A¥Íªø½ÞÁýfumaric acid»P¹ï·Ó²Õ¨Ã¨S¦³ÅãµÛªºªí²{¡C
¡@
Table 3. Effect of fumaric acid supplementation on performance of starter pigsa | |||||
¡@ | Fumaric acid level, % | ||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Daily gain, g Daily feed, g Gain/feed |
261 501 0.52 |
261 484 0.54 |
257 445 0.57 |
296 493 0.60 |
297 500 0.60 |
a. Adapted from Giesting and Easter (1985). initial weight 8.6Kg, 4 week trial. |
½Þ®Æ¤¤²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä´î§CG¸z¹DªºpHÈ©M²Óµßªº¼W´Þ¡C(Cole et al. 1968¡FThomlinson and Lawrence 1981)¹}®Æ¤¤§t¦³Citric acid´î§CpHÈ©M²Óµß¼Æ¥Ø¦bG©M¤Q¤G«ü¸z¤¤ªí²{¤ñFumaric acid (Scipion et al., 1978)¦]¦¹³o¥i¯à´Á±æCitric acid±N·|¤ñfumaric acidªº¥Íªøªí²{¸û¦n¡C
¡@
Other acids(¨ä¥L»Ä)
°£¤FCitric acid©Mfumaric acid¨ä¥¦¦³¾÷»Ä©MµL¾÷»Ä¥ç³Q¬ã¨s¡AKentucky¬ã¨s³ø§i¦b¥J½Þ²K»P²V¦X¦³¾÷»Ä·|§ïµ½¥Íªø©M¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡C(Table 7©M8¡FCormowell and Burnell, 1987) Giesting and Easter (1986)¬ã¨sPropionic acid¤þ»Ä¯à§ïµ½¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡A¦ý¹ï°¦¤é¼W«µLÃö(Table 4)¡A³o¨Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¦P®É½Õ¬d¤@¨ÇµL¾÷»Ä(Table 6)¡AµL¾÷»Ä¤¤°£¤FÁC»Ä(Phosphoric acid)¥~§¡·|¤Þ°_¥Íªø½wºC¡B´î¤Ö¹}®ÆÄá¨ú©M¼vÅT¹}®Æ®Ä²v¡C
¡@
Table 4. Comparison of the effects of propionic, fumaric and citric acids on the performance of starter pigs a | ||||
¡@ | Control | Propionic | Fumaric | Citric |
Daily gain,g Daily feed, g Gain/feed |
252 492 0.51 |
241 438 0.55 |
264 480 0.55 |
260 473 0.55 |
a. Adapted from Giesting and Easter (1985). Average initial weight 7.5kg, 4 week trial |
¡@
Table 5. Effect of fumaric or citric acid additions on starter pig performance and digestive function a | |||||
¡@ | Control | Fumaric, % | Citric, % | ||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Daily gain, g Daily feed, g Gain/feed DM digestibillity, % Protein digestibility, % |
407 655 0.62 80.8 78.4 |
431 650 0.66 80.6 78.9 |
426 6.32 0.67 80.9 79.8 |
423 649 0.65 80.2 78.6 |
437 632 0.69 80.9 79.4 |
a. Adopted from Falkowski and Aherne (1984). |
¡@
Table 6. Effect of organic and inorganic acids on performance of starter pigs a |
|||||
¡@ | Control | Fumaric | Hydrochloric | Phosphoric | Sulfuric |
Daily gain, g Daily feed, g Gain/feed |
341 654 0.52 |
309 577 0.54 |
209 431 0.50 |
350 613 0.57 |
191 422 0.46 |
a. Adapted from Giesting and Easter, 1986. |
¡@
Table 7. Effect of organic acid addition to simple vs. complex diets for starter pigs | ||||||
Whey a acid Daily gain, g Daily geed, g Gain/feed Milkb fumaric acid, % Daily gain, g Daily feed, g Gain/feed DM/digestibility,% Protein digestibility, % |
¡Ð ¡Ð 291 513 0.57 ¡Ð 0 291 540 0.54 69.0 65.1 |
¡Ð ¡Ï 318 527 0.60 ¡Ð 2 318 549 0.58 71.7 72.7 |
¡Ï ¡Ð 327 577 0.56 ¡Ð 3 313 536 0.58 ¡Ð ¡Ð |
¡Ï ¡Ï 341 558 0.60 ¡Ï 0 327 531 0.61 75.8 74.5 |
¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡Ï 2 350 538 0.64 74.8 74.0 |
¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡Ï 3 350 536 0.65 ¡Ð ¡Ð |
a. Adapted from Cromwell and Burnell
(1987). Average initial weight kg; 28 day trial. Dried whey included at 15%. b. Adapted from Giesting and Easter (1986). Average initial weight kg; 28 day trial. Dried skim milk included at 25%. |
¡@
Table 8. Performance of weanling pigs fed a complex starter diet supplemented with antibiotics, copper sulfate and an organic acid mix a | |||||
Antibiotic b Copper c Acid mix d Diet pH Daily gain, g Daily feed, g Gain/feed |
¡Ð ¡Ð ¡Ð 5.52 236 459 0.513 |
¡Ï ¡Ð ¡Ð 5.64 359 631 0.562 |
¡Ï ¡Ï ¡Ð 5.52 400 686 0.575 |
¡Ï ¡Ð ¡Ï 4.5 359 599 0.599 |
¡Ï ¡Ï ¡Ï 5.03 418 513 0.592 |
a. Taken from Cromwell and Burnell,
1987. b. Provides 110 ppm chlortetracycline, 110 ppm sulfamethazine and 55 ppm procaine penicillin. c. From copper sulfate, provided 250 ppm Cu. d. Commercial mixture of citric acid, citrate, sorbic acid and benzoate. Also contained L. acidophilus and B. faecium enzymes and flavoring agents, included at 1.0% of the diet. |
¡@
Organic acid©MOther feed additives(¦³¾÷»Ä©M¨ä¥¦¹}®Æ²K¥[¾¯)
¦³¾÷»Ä©M¨ä¥¦¹}®Æ²K¥[¾¯ªº¬Û¤¬¼vÅT¤w³QUniversity of Kentucky (Table 8¡FCormwell and Burnell, 1987) and University of Illinois (Edmonds et al., 1985)¾¨ºÞ¤£¦Pªº»Ä©M¿@«×¤£¦Pªº»Ä³Q²K¥[¡Aµ²½×¬O²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä©M§Ü¥Í¯À©Î²¸»Ä»É±N§ó¶i¤@¨B§ïµ½°¦¤é¼W«4¡ã5¢H¡C
¡@
Palatability(¾A¤f©Ê)
¹ï©ó¥Íªø¤ÏÀ³»Ä©Ê¹}®Æªº¾A¤f©Ê¬O¤@Ó«nªº¦]¯À(Cole et al., 1968)¡A·í¦´ÁÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ¯à¤¹³\¿ï¾Ü¹ï·Ó¡ACitric acid©Mfumaric acidªº¹}®Æ¡A¥L̤ñ¸û°¾·R¹ï·Ó²Õ¹}®Æ(Henry et al 1985.)¡C
¡@
¦³¾÷»Ä©M³J¥Õ½è¨Ó·½(Orgain acids and protein source)
¦pªG³J¥Õ½è¥[¤ô¤À¸Ñ§@¥Î¦bG¤¤³Q¯}Ãa¡A²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä«h·|§ïµ½³J¥Õ½èªº®ø¤Æ²v¡A¥t¤@°²³]¡A·í¹}®Æ¤¤§t¦³§ó¦h®e©ö®ø¤Æªº³J¥Õ½è²K¥[¦³¾÷»Ä«h¦³¸û¤£¦nªº®ÄªG¡A¤Wzªº°²³]³£³Q¸ÕÅç¡A¤£ºÞ¨Ï¥Î¨Å¼ß(Whey)©Î²æ¯×¨Å(skim milk)©M¦³¾÷»Ä²K¥[¦b¹}®Æ¤¤§¡¯à§ïµ½¦´Á¥J½Þªº¥Íªøªí²{¡AµM¦Ó°ª¿@«×¦³¾÷»Ä¬O¥²»Ý¦b¤G¶g«áÂ÷¨Å¥J½Þ®Æ¤¤²K¥[¡A¯S§O¬O¥É¦Ì©M¨§¯»¹}®Æ©Î¥É¦Ì¡B¨§¯»©M²æ¯×¨Å¯»(Giesting and Easter, 1986)¡ACitric©Mfumaric acid³£¤£·|¼vÅT²V¦X¹}®Æ¤¤°®ª«½è©M³J¥Õ½èªº®ø¤Æ²v¡A(Fallkowsk and Aherne, 1984. Table 5)¦ýfumaric acid§ïµ½³æ¤@ªº¥É¦Ì¡Ð¨§¯»¹}®Æ¤¤³J¥Õ½èªº®ø¤Æ²v(Giesting and Easter, 1986).
¡@
¦¨¥»©M¨ä¥¦ªº¦]¯À(Cost and other factors)
¨S¦³¦³®Äªº¼Æ¦r¦s¦b¡A¤@Ó°²³]·í§Q¥Î¦³¾÷»Ä°§C¹}®ÆªºpHÈ¡A±N¼W¥[¹}®Æ¼t¥Í²£³]³Æªº·lÃa³t«×¡A¥Ð¶¡¸ÕÅçÆ[¹î¡A°ª·Å¥É¦Ì¹ï¦³¾÷»Äªº¯}Ãa¦³«Ü¤jªº¼vÅT¡A³o»Ä²K¥[¦¨¥»¼Æ¦rÅã¥Ü¬O¤£¶Qªº¡A¤j¬ù¨C¾·¦¨¥»¬üª÷25¦Ü50¤¸¶¡(¨M©w©ó¦óºØ»Ä¡B¿@«×µ¥¡A¹ï©ó¦³¾÷»Ä²£«~¦Ó¨¥¥Î¶uÆQ©Î¹[ÆQ±N¯}Ãa½Þ°¦ªº»Ä¥¿Å¦]¦¹·|´î§C½Þ°¦ªº¥Íªøªí²{¡C
¡@
[¥»¤åĶ¦Û(Acidified Weanling Pig Diets Gain Increasing Attention) by Steven G. Cornelius Feedstuff, February 1, 1988]
¹}®ÆÀç¾iÂø»x(3~9)¡ÐS¤å¯E¡D¤K¤K¦~¤´Á
Copyright © 1998 Z¸s®n¯bªªºô.
¥»ºô¯¸¹Ï¤å«YÄÝZ¸s®n¦³¤½¥q¡A¤º¤å¤§ª©Åv¬°¸ÓÂø»xªÀ©Ò
¦³¡A«D¸g¥»¤½¥q¤Î¸ÓÂø»xªÀ¥¿¦¡®Ñ±¦P·N¡A¤£±o±N¥þ³¡©Î³¡¤À¤º®e¡A
Âà¸ü©ó¥ô¦ó§Î¦¡´CÅé
¡° ³Ì¨Î¸ÑªR«× 800x600
Copyright © 1998
MiobufferCo., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Unauthorized copying and reproduction is prohibited. All trademarks property of their
respective holders.