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¸»Ä¦b¥Í²z¤W¨ã»²ú@¬¡©Ê¤§«¬ºA«Y5,6,7,8¢w¥|²B¸»Ä¡A¨ä°Ñ»P¤ÏÀ³¥]¬AáIËï»PáGÔr¤§¦X¦¨¡Bµ·Ói»Ä»P¥ÌÓi»Ä¤§Âà´«¡B¥H¯ÖÓi»Ä£\ºÒ§@¬°³æ¤@ºÒ¨Ó·½¤§¦X¦¨¡B²ÕÓi»Ä¤À¸Ñ¡B¥H¤Î¥Ò²¸Ói»Ä¡BÁxÆP¤Î¯Ý¸¢áGÔr¤§¥Ò°ò¦X¦¨¡C¦¹µ¥¤ÏÀ³¥Dnµo¥Í¦b²ÓM¤Àµõ¤Î³J¥Õ½è¦X¦¨¤§¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¦]¦¹¹ï¥Íªø§Ö³t¤§²Õ´¬Û·í«n¡C¬O¬G¸»Ä¬°¥Íªø¤¤®a¸V©Ò¥²¶·¡A¤pÂû¯Ê¥F®É±N¥X²{¥Íªø¤£¨}¡BÂЦФ£¨Î¡B³h¦å¤Î·Æ¸x¯g(McDowell, 1989)¡C¨ä¦b¥Í´Þ´Á«h§ó«n¡AÃh¥¥´Á¤§¹«©Î¤H¯Ê¥F¸»Ä©ö³y¦¨¬y²£¤ÎL¨à²§±`(Rothman, 1970¡FMcDowell, 1987)¡FºØÂû»PºØ¤õÂû¯Ê¥F¸»Ä¤£¦ý¹å¤Æ²v¤U°¥BFLµo¥Í¦UºØ°©Àf²§±`(Sunde et al., 1950a and 1950b¡FKratzer et al., 1956)¡C¸»Ä¯Ê¥F¹ïºØÀn¤Î¨äFLµo¨|¤§¼vÅT«h©|µL¥ô¦ó³ø§i´£¤Î¡C
¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡Aºû¥Í¯À¦b²{¤µ¹}®Æ¤¤¤§²K¥[¶q¬ÆÂסA¦bºØÀn¤@¯ë¤£¸·¹¼¥F¡AµM«h¥Ñ©ó¦b¹}®Æ¤¤²K¥[¤§ªvÀø©Î¹w¨¾©ÊÃĪ«ÀݥάƬ°´¶¹M¡A³\¦hÃĪ«¦]»Pºû¥Í¯À§Î¦¨«ú§Ü§@¥Î¡A¾ÉPºû¥Í¯À¤§¯Ê¥F¡A¦p¬°¨¾ªv²yÂίf©Î®a¸VÀN¶Ã©Ò²K¥[¤§ÁDÓiÃÄÃþ¡A¹ï¸»Ä·|²£¥Í«ú§Ü§@¥Î(Stokstad and Jukes, 1982)¡A°£¦¹¤§¥~¡AúYÎG¾J¤Î¸»Ä¦bºû¥Í¯À¹w²Vª«¶J¦s´Á¡B¹}®Æ¥´²É¤Î¹}®Æ¶J¦s´Á¶¡¡A¨CÓ¤ë±N·l¥¢4~5¢H(Coelho, 1991)¡A¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¤WzºØºØ¦]¯À±N³y¦¨¹}®Æ¤¤ºû¥Í¯À§t¶qªº°§C¡A¥»¬Ù½Å¦âµæÀn¥H²£³J»D¦W©ó¥@¬É¡A¨ä³J¬°¥[¤u¥Î¥Ö³J¤ÎÆP³J¤§¥Dn¨Ó·½¡A¨äFLµo¨|¤¤¤î®É¦³©Ò»D¡AµM¬ÛÃö¸ê®ÆÂö¦p¡C¥»¸ÕÅ礧¥Øªº¦®¦b±´°QºØ¥ÎµæÀn¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J©Î¸»Ä¡A¹ï¨äÀnFLµo¨|¤§¼vÅT¡C
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¸ÕÅç©Ò¥Î°ò¦¹}³¤Î¥¿±`¹ê¥Î¹}³¤§°t¤è¦pªí1©Ò¥Ü¡C¸ÕÅç¥Î°ò¦¹}®Æ¤§Àç¾i»Ý¨D«Y¨Ì¾Ú(1988)¤§±ÀÂ˶q¡A¯Ê¥F²Õ°£¸Ó¶µ¯Ê¥Fºû¥Í¯À¤£²K¥[¥~¡A¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J²Õ²K¥[¸»Ä3mg¥H¤W¡A¯Ê¥F¸»Ä²Õ²K¥[úYÎG¾J10mg¥H¤W¡A¹ï·Ó²Õ¸ÕÅç®Æ«Y¦b¨C¤½¤ç°ò¦¹}³¤¤ÃB¥~²K¥[úYÎG¾J10mg¥H¤W¤Î¸»Ä3m¥H¤W¡C
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Table 1. Composition of basal and practical diets
Ingredient | Basal | Practical |
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢H¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w |
||
Corn Soybean Rice Casein Corn Starch Cellulose Wheat Bran Fish meal Yeast DL-methionine Tryptophan Arginine Soybean oil Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Iodized salt Vitamin premix Mineral premix Choline chloride, 50¢H Manganese sulfate Zinc oxide Sodium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Magnesium sulfate |
11 ¢w 14 21 29.8 10 ¢w ¢w ¢w 0.1 0.05 0.4 2.5 2.2 6.4 0.3 0.3* 0.2** 0.3 ¢w ¢w 0.62 0.47 0.35 |
51.32 27.5 ¢w ¢w ¢w ¢w 7.5 3.3 2.0 0.05 ¢w ¢w ¢w 1.8 6.0 0.4 0.03*** ¢w 0.08 0.0125 0.0075 ¢w ¢w ¢w |
Calculated value ME, kcal¡þkg CP, ¢H Pyridoxine, mg¡þkg Folic acid, mg¡þkg |
¡@ 2977 20.2 0.657 0.152 |
¡@ 2800 20 6 1.5 |
* Vitamin premix supplied the followings per kg of the basal diet : Vitamin A 15000 IU, Vitamin D3 2400 IU, Vitamin E 50 IU, Vitamin K3 6mg, Thiamin 6 mg, Riboflavin 15 mg, Pantothenic acid 20 mg, Niacin 80 mg, Biotin 0.1 mg, Vitamin B12 0.02mg.
** Mineral premix supplied the followings per kg of the basal diet : ZnO 81mg, CuSO4.5H2 0.27mg, MnSO4.H2O 150mg, FeSO4.7H2O 342mg, Na2SeO3 0.22mg.
***Roche pF-428 / 1 Vitamin concentrate supplied the following per kg of the practical diet : Vitamin A 15000 IU, Vitamin D3 3000 IU, Vitamin E 22.5mg, Vitamin K3 6mg, Thiamin 3mg, Riboflavin 9mg, Vitamin B6 6mg, Pantothenic acid 18mg, Niacin 60mg, Biotin 0.03mg, Folic acid 1.5mg, Vitamin B12 0.03mg.
¢º¡B¸ÕÅç³]p
Group | Code | Age, wks | Experimental period | ¡ð¡þ¡ñ | Diet |
Pyridoxine deficiency | 1 | 29~57 | 29 week | 15¡þ3 | Basal |
Folic acid deficiency | 2 | 29~57 | 29 week | 15¡þ3 | Basal |
Control | 3 | 29~57 | 29 week | 15¡þ3 | Basal |
Normal | 4 | 29~57 | 29 week | 26¡þ6 | Practical |
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(2)¸ÕÅç´Á¤¤¡A¨C¶g¦¬¶°2~3¤é¤§ºØ³J¤J¹å¡A¹å¤Æ´Á¤¤¨C¶g·Ó³JÀˬd¡A±N¤¤¤î³J¨ú¥X¥´¶}§@²§±`¤ÀÃþ¡C¸ÕÅ礤¨Ã°O¿ý¨üºë²v¡B¹å¤Æ²v¡B²§±`²v¤Î²§±`ÀW«×¡C
(3)¸ÕÅç¸ê®Æ¦p¨üºë²v¡B¦º¤`²v¡B¥¼¹å¥X²v¡B¹å¤Æ²v¤Î²§±`²v¡A¯Ê¥F²Õ»P¹ï·Ó©Î¥¿±`²Õ¤§¤ñ¸û§¡¥HZÈÀË©w®t²§ÅãµÛ©Ê¡C¦U¶µ¸ÕÅ綵¥Ø©w¸q¦p¤U¡G
a. ¨üºë³J¼Æ«Y¨Ì¾Ú7¤é·Ó³J§P©w¡C
b. ¨üºë²v¡×¨üºë³J¼Æ¡þ¤J¹å³J¼Æ¡C
c. ¹å¤Æ²v¡×¹å¥XÂúÀn¼Æ¡þ¨üºë³J¼Æ¡C
d. ²§±`²v¡×²§±`ÀnFL¼Æ¡þ¨üºë³J¼Æ¡C
e. ²§±`ÀW«×¡G¥H¥X²{²§±`¯gª¬¤§°¦¼Æpºâ¡C
µ²ªG»P°Q½×
¸ÕÅç¤À¤G¶¥¬q¶i¦æ¡A«e15¶gµæÀn¹}¾i©ó¦a±¡A¸ÕÅç´Á¤¤²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¤§¨üºë²v¡BFL¤¤¤î²v¡B¹å¤Æ²v¤Î²§±`²v¦C©óªí2¡C²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¡A¦Û16¶g¨´29¶gµæÀn¹}¾i©óºôª¬Àn§É¤W¡A¦¹´Á¤§¨üºë²vºØ¥ÎµæÀnFL¤¤¤î²v¡B¹å¤Æ²v¤Î²§±`²v¦C©óªí3¡C¸ÕÅç´Á¤¤¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J²Õ¹}®Æ¤¤úYÎG¾Jpºâ¶q0.657mg¡þkg¡A¯Ê¥F¸»Ä²Õ¹}®Æ¤¤¸»Äpºâ¶q0.152mg¡þkg¡A§¡¬ù¬°³Ì§C»Ýn¶q(¨H¡A1988)¤§30¢H¡C¸ÕÅçµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A¨üºë²v¦b²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¯Ê¥F²ÕÅãµÛ§C©ó¹ï·Ó²Õ¡A²Ä¤G¶¥¬qÁö¤´§C©ó¹ï·Ó²Õ¦ý¥¼¹FÅãµÛ©Ê¡A¬O¬G¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J©Î¸»Ä¹ï¨üºë²v¤§¼vÅT¡A¦b¥»¸ÕÅ祼±o¨ì¤@P¤§µ²ªG¡C¦¹»PÂû¤§µ²ªG¤£¦P¡AFuller et al., (1961)¤§°ò¦¹}®ÆúYÎG¾J§t¶q0.34mg¡þkg¡ALillie et al., (1950)¤§°ò¦¹}®Æ¸»Ä§t¶q0.338mg¡þkg¡A¤GªÌ¤À§O¹ï¨Ó¯èÂû¤Î·s¨u¥¬®LÂû¶i¦æ¸ÕÅç¡Aµ²ªGµo²{¨üºë²v¥¼¨ü¨ìúYÎG¾J©Î¸»Ä¯Ê¥F¤§¼vÅT¡C²£³J²v¦b¥»¸ÕÅç²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¤§¯Ê¥F²Õ¨ÃµL¤U°¤§ÁͶաA¦U²Õ²£³J²v§¡¦b80¢H¤W¤U¡A¦ý¦b²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J²Õ¦b¹}¾i©óºôª¬Àn§É¤K¶g«á²£³J²v°¨ì0¡A¨ä¥L¦U²Õ²£³J²vÁö¥ç¦³¤U°µMª½¨ì¸ÕÅçµ²§ô¤´¦b50¢H¥H¤W¡A¦¹¤@µ²ªG»PFuller et al., (1961)¤§µ²ªG¬Û¦ü¡A¦b¸Ó¸ÕÅ礤¥ÀÂû¦b¹}¤©¯Ê¥F®Æ¤§²Ä7~8¶g²£³J²v°¦Ü1¢H¡C¦³Ãö¸»Ä¹ï²£³J²v¤§¼vÅT¡ASchweigert et al., (1948)¹ï¨Ó¯èÂû¤Î¤õÂû¡A¥H¤ÎKratzer et al., (1956)¹ï¤õÂû¤§¸ÕÅç¡A§¡«ü¥X¸»Ä¯Ê¥F¹ï²£³J²vµL¤£¨}¼vÅT¡AµM¦ÓSunde et al., (1950a¡F1950b)«h³ø§i¨Ó¯èÂû¯Ê¥F¸»Ä¼Æ¶g«á±N¾ÉP²£³J¤U°¡A¦ýµÛªÌ¥ç«ü¥X¸»Ä§t¶q¸û0.258 mg¡þkgµy°ª§Yº¡¨¬²£³J¤§»Ýn¡C«ez¬ã¨s³ø§i¹ï²£³J²vµL¼vÅT¡A¥i¯à§Y¦]¹}®Æ¤¤¸»Ä§t¶q0.31~0.42mg¡þkg¸û°ª¡C¥»¸ÕÅç°ò¦¹}®Æ¸»Äpºâ¶q¶È0.152mg¡þkg¡A¦¹¬O§_Åã¥ÜÀn¦b²£³J¤W¹ï¸»Ä¤§»Ýn¶q¸ûÂû§C¡A«hµS«Ý§ó¶i¤@¨B¤§¬ã¨sÃÒ©ú¡C
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Table 2. The effect of dietary isoleucine levels on the laying performance of Tsaiya duck
Item | Isoleucine levels, ¢H | ||||||
0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.00 | S.E. | |
Egg production¡A¢H Egg weight¡Ag Feed conversion¡Ag Feed¡þg Egg Body weight change¡A¢H |
84.37c 62.50 4.33 -5.98 |
87.08bc 62.72 4.27 -5.16 |
87.94bc 62.48 4.25 -5.47 |
91.60ab 62.61 4.01 -5.52 |
93.06a 61.94 4.13 -6.09 |
90.59ab 61.43 3.99 -5.99 |
1.64 0.43 0.23 0.94 |
a,b,c Means within the same row with different superscripts differ(P<0.05).
ªí3. ¹}³²§¥ÕÓi»Ä§t¶q¹ï²£³JµæÀn³J´ß«~½è»P¨üºë²v¤Î¹å¤Æ²v¤§¼vÅT
Table 3. The effect of dietary isoleucine levels on the egg shell quality, fertility and hatchability of Tsaiya duck
Item | Isoleucine levels¡A¢H | S.E. | |||||
0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.00 | ||
Egg shell strength¡Akg¡þcm2 | 3.63 | 3.68 | 3.72 | 3.76 | 3.74 | 3.53 | 0.08 |
Egg shell thickness¡A0.01mm | 40.06 | 39.45 | 39.22 | 39.83 | 40.90 | 40.38 | 0.27 |
Egg shell weight¡þEgg weight¡A¢H | 9.91 | 9.95 | 9.86 | 9.88 | 10.12 | 10.06 | 0.08 |
Fertility¡A¢H | 96.33 | 96.26 | 97.58 | 98.20 | 96.05 | 97.44 | 1.13 |
Hatchability¡A¢H | 88.59 | 90.89 | 87.71 | 91.02 | 90.43 | 92.40 | 2.21 |
¹å¤Æ²v¦b¸ÕÅç²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¡A¤G¯Ê¥F²Õ¸û¹ï·Ó²Õ¤Î¥¿±`²Õ§C10.4~18.5¢H(¦pªí2)®t²§·¥ÅãµÛ(P¡Õ0.01)¡A¦b²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾JÁö¤´¸û¹ï·Ó²Õ¤Î¥¿±`²Õ§C¡A¦ý¶È1.5~2.9¢H(¦pªí3)¡A®t¶Z¥¼¹FÅãµÛ¡F¯Ê¥F¸»Ä²Õ«h¸û¹ï·Ó²Õ¤Î¥¿±`²Õ§C10~11.4¢H¡AÅã¥Ü¯Ê¥F¸»Ä¹ï¹å¤Æ²v¤§¼vÅT¸ûÅãµÛ(P¡Õ0.05)¡CFuller et al., (1961)¶i¦æ¸ÕÅç®É¡Aµo²{¥ÀÂû¹}¤©¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J¹}®Æ¤@¶g«á¡A¹å¤Æ²v§Y¤U°¡A²Ä¤¶g¤U°¦Ü0¡A¦b¥»¸ÕÅ礤¥¼µo²{¦p¦¹¤§ÁͶաA¦¹¥i¯à¦]¸ÕÅ礤¯Ê¥F®ÆúYÎG¾J¤§§t¶q0.657mg¡þkg¸û°ª¡AµM¦¹¤´«Ý¶i¤@¨B¬ã¨s¥HÄÄ©ú¤§¡C¦³Ãö¸»Ä¹ï¹å¤Æ²v¤§¼vÅT¡A¦b¨Ó¯èÂûÁý¹}¸»Ä§t¶q0.258mg¡þkg(Lillie et al., 1950)¡B·s¨u¥¬®LÂûÁý¹}¸»Ä§t¶q0.26mg¡þkg(Sunde et al., 1950a)¤Î¤õÂûÁý¹}¸»Ä§t¶q§C¦¸0.7mg¡þkg(Kratzer et al., 1956)¤§¬ã¨s§¡«ü¥X±N«ü¾ÉP¹å¤Æ²v¤W°¡A¦¹µ¥µ²ªG»P¥»¸ÕÅçµ²ªG¬Û¦P¡A¦ýSchweigert et al., (1948)«h³ø§i¯Ê¥F¸»Ä¹ï¤õÂû¤Î¨Ó¯èÂû¤§¹å¤Æ²vµL¼vÅT¡A±À´ú¦¹¥i¯à«Y¦]¨ä¹}®Æ¤¤¸»Ä§t¶q0.42mg¡þkg¸û«ez³ø§i°ª¡A¥B¸ÕÅç«Y¦b¥¹}±ø¥ó¤U¶i¦æ¨ü¨ì¹ÁT¤§¤zÂZ¡A¦Ü©ó¯u¥¿¤§ì¦]«h¤£½Tª¾¡C¥À¸VY¥H¹}¤©¯Ê¥F¹}®Æ¡A¹å¤Æ²v¤U°¦Ü¬Æ§C©Î0¤§´Á¶¡µø§@ºû¥Í¯À¤§®øºÜ´Á¡AúYÎG¾J¦bÂû¤§®øºÜ´Á¬°4¶g©Î5¶g(Sunde et al., 1950a and 1950b)¡A¸»Ä¦b¤õÂû¤§®øºÜ´Á¬°80¤é(Kratzer et al., 1956)¡A¦b¥»¸ÕÅ礣½×úYÎG¾J©Î¸»Ä¯Ê¥F®É§¡¥¼µo²{®øºÜ´Á¤§²{¶H¡A¥i¯à«Y¥Ñ©ó°ò¦¹}®Æ¤¤¸Ó¨âºØºû¥Í¯À§t¶q¬O³Ì§C»Ýn¶q¤§30¢H¡A§t¶q¸û°ª©Ò»Ý¤§®øºÜ´Á¬Æªø¡A¬G¸ÕÅ礤¥¼µo²{®øºÜ´Á¡CÃö©ó¯Ê¥Fºû¥Í¯ÀÀnFL¦º¤`¤§®É¶¡¡AúYÎG¾J¯Ê¥F¥Dnµo¥Í¹å¤Æ´Á²Ä¥|¶g¡A¦¹»P¤õÂûµo¥Í¦b¹å¤Æ´Á«e¤T¶g(Ferguson et al., 1961)¤§µ²ªG¤£¦P¡C¯Ê¥F¸»ÄÀnFLµo¨|¤¤¤î¥Dnµo¥Í¦b¹å¤Æ²Ä¥|¶g¡A¦b¤õÂûÁö¦³³ø§i°O¸üFL¦º¤`²v°ª¼é¦b¹å¤Æ´Á«e¤@¡B¤G¶g(Ferguson et al., 1961)¡A¦ýÂû©Î¤õÂû¤§¨ä¥L¬ã¨s§¡³ø§i¯Ê¥F¸»ÄFL¦º¤`°ª¼éµo¥Í¦b¹å¤Æ¥½´Á(Toylor,1947¡FSunde et al., 1950a & 1950b¡FKratzer et al., 1956)¡C¥t¥~¯Ê¥F¸»ÄÀnFL¤§¥¼¥X´ß²v¥ç¸û¨ä¥L¦U²Õ°ª¡A¦¹»PÂû¤§³ø§i(Sunde et al., 1950a)¬Û¦P¡C¸ÕÅç´Á¶¡ÀnFL¤§²§±`²v¦b²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¤¤¦U³B²z²Õ¶¡®t²§¤£ÅãµÛ(¦pªí2)¡F²Ä¤G¶¥¬qÀnFL¤§²§²v(¦pªí3)¡A¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J²Õ¸û¹ï·Ó¤Î¥¿±`²Õµy°ª0.8~1¢H¦ý¤£ÅãµÛ¡A¯Ê¥F¸»Ä²Õ«h·¥ÅãµÛ¸û¨ä¥L¦U²Õ°ª(P¡Õ0.01)¡AÅã¥ÜºØÀn¯Ê¥F¸»Ä¡A¨äÀnFL¤£¶È¦º¤`²v¸û°ª¥B²§±`²v¥ç¼W¥[¡C
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ºî¤W©Òz¡AºØ¥ÎµæÀn¹}®Æ¤¤µ¹¤©úYÎG¾J»P¸»Ä³Ì§C»Ýn¶q2.2mg¡þkg»P0.5mg¡þkg(¨H¡A1988)¤§30¢H¡A¨üºë²v¥¼¦³¤@P¤§¼vÅT¡F²£³J²v¦b¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J²Õ§ï¹}©óÀn§É¤W¶}©l¤U°¡F¹å¤Æ²v¦b¯Ê¥F²Õ§¡¸û§C¡A¦ý¥H¸»Ä¯Ê¥FÅãµÛ¤U°¡F¯Ê¥Fºû¥Í¯À¤§ÀnFL¯gª¬¡A¦b¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J²Õ¥H¦±³k¤Î¤W³ñµu©Î¯Ê¥X²{µy¦h¡F¯Ê¥F¸»Ä²Õ¥X²{¤§²§±`¡A¨Ì§Ç¬°¦±³k¡B¤W³ñµu©Î¯Ê¡BÀY³¡¥Ö¤U¥X¦å¡B·Æ¸x¯g¡B³ñ¯U¯¶¤Î¥Ö¤U¥X¦å¡CFL¯Ê¥F¯g¦b¤£¦Pºû¥Í¯À©Î«~ºØ¶¡¦³¬Û¦P¯gª¬µo¥Í¡A¦¹¥i¯à«Y¥Ñ©ó¤£¦Pºû¥Í¯À¶¡¥æ¤¬§@¥Î¡A©Î¦P«~ºØ¶¡¬Û¦P¤§¥NÁ¤ÏÀ³©ÒP¡A¹êȱo¶i¤@¨B¬ã¨s¥HÄÄ©ú¤§¡C(¯b²£¬ã¨s28(2)1995)
ªí4. ¸ÕÅç´Á¤¤¯Ê¥FúYÎG¾J©Î¸»ÄµæÀnFL²§±`¤§ÀW«×¤À¥¬(°¦)
Table 4. Frequency distribution of abnormal symptoms of Tsaiya embryos
and fetuses after feeding the pyridoxine or folic acid-deficient diet (bird)
Symptom | Pyridoxine deficiency | Folic acid deficiency | Control | Normal |
Curl toe | 2 | 8 | 1 | 0 |
Shorter or absent upper beak | 2 | 8 | 3 | 1 |
Haemorrhage on head | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Perosis | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Subcutaneous haemorrhage | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Retarded growth | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Narrowed beak | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Poor feathering | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Exposed brain | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Loquat-shape beak | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Shorter lower beak | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Lamp | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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